Advertising Clutter Is Ubiquitous In Our Lives Media Essay

Advertising Clutter Is Ubiquitous In Our Lives Media Essay Today, how do one measure the effectiveness of advertising when there is an overloading presence of product choices, features, media channels and messages? Advertising clutter is ubiquitous in our lives, where we are exposed to more than five thousand commercial message daily ranging from commercial to logos on retail chains, yet, only less than one-tenth of one percent are able to recall a particular brand or product when being asked (Vitberg, 1996). It has always been knotty to get the message through the clutter and consumer has deemed them to be annoying and poses a threat in the effectiveness of advertising communication. Even with the most outrageous advertising tactics, consumers have become desensitised to it (Kimmel, 2010). Hence, the design issue for this study was: On the average, everyone is exposed to 3000 advertisements in a day (Twitchell, 1996). As such, ad clutter has resulted in advertising designers attempting to create rather complex visual metaphorical expression in advertisements in their bid to be more creative to stand out from the clutter. However, the fact is that the increased use of such approach has hindered the consumers interpretation of the advertisement and the intended advertising meaning. Since there still remains an uncertainty in the effectiveness of complex visual metaphors which may have the tendency of consumers not being able to interpret the intended meaning of the advertising message. Thus, this has led to the research design hypothesis which was: In the quest to tackle the rising issue of ad clutter, the use of appropriate visual metaphors in advertisements is pertinent to enable consumers to interpret and comprehend the intended advertising meaning in the advertisement effectively, whilst not diminishing the level of creativity. So, in order to support the research, the three top key research questions are as followed: what impact does advertising clutter has on advertising culture today; what is the effect of complex visual metaphors in global advertising; and what are the factors that influence consumer behaviour patterns. They would be answered through the study of the three key issues, covering the area of The Rise of Advertising Clutter In Todays Advertising Context, An Analysis Of Indirect Advertising Claims As An Effective Communication and Understanding The New Connected Generation Today. The chosen primary research methods will consist of questionnaires and focus groups with the consumer age twenty-one and above. They would be used to gain valuable insight of how well they understand on the indirect claims approach of an advertisement and the consumers behaviour respectively. The overall intention of this research is to examine how the rise of advertising clutter has led to the questioning of the credibility of advertising. Hence, in order to rectify the existing issue, the use of appropriate metaphorical expression can be adopted. The findings from this research would benefit the advertising and student designers of the present advertisement clutter issue, giving them a better understanding on what is the denotation of appropriate visual metaphor, which can be a solution to break through from the clutter line. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Research Problem The evolution of advertising has changed over time. Advertising has become such a vital role in our lives that in fact, we probably do not realise how much it influences our lives and behaviour. Compared to the past decades, it is not surprising to see a signifciant jump of how much one can get exposed to advertisment today, with the presence of global access to internet, high-speed conncections, text messaging which contributed much to the advertising clutter. (Weyland, 2008). Advertisers are constantly trying to reach out to the consumer while they race to cover every available space that has the potential to launch a successful campagin, be it if it is an illegal placement of advertisement. Hence, such harsh reality causes a strong presense of intense competion among one another in the industry which resulted in advertising clutter, and lost of credibility of advertising. With the rise of advertising clutter, consumers are engulfed by such a large exposure of advertising available that give them ample reasons to be skeptical or distrustful of advertising. This will undeniably produced a negative impact on the advertising industry. Since the presence of advertising clutter has questioned on the credibility of todays advertising. The identified Design Issue for this research was: On the average, everyone is exposed to 3000 advertisements in a day (Twitchell, 1996). As such, ad clutter has resulted in advertising designers attempting to create rather complex visual metaphorical expression in advertisements in their bid to be more creative to stand out from the clutter. However, the fact is that the increased use of such approach has hindered the consumers interpretation of the advertisement and the intended advertising meaning. Design Hypothesis In order to address the identified Design issue, the Design Hypothesis of this research is: In the quest to tackle the rising issue of ad clutter, the use of appropriate visual metaphors in advertisements is pertinent to enable consumers to interpret and comprehend the intended advertising meaning in the advertisement effectively, whilst not diminishing the level of creativity. Toncar and Munch (2001) have proposed that, if consumers are able to process and digest the metaphorical expression of an advertisement, the chances of persuading and impressing the consumer is undeniably higher. However, McQuarrie and Mick (1996) have deduced that such intricate advertisement expression could pose a restrain for the consumer to get the intended meaning of the advertisement. Hence, this could deduce that Visual Metaphor is a visionary strategy for consumers to apprehend advertisement and further proceed into engaging their thought process within, to envisage it. In fact, many advertisers are still adopting such approach due to its effectiveness, a divergent interpretation from the straight forward literal ad we normally pick out. However, with this unique approach in advertising, there are times where consumers could not perceive in the understanding and interpretation of an advertisement through visual metaphor, thus the whole objective has come to naught. With appropriate use of metaphorical expression, the approach could lead to effective communication in advertising. Aims Of The Research The consumers rate of exposure to advertisement has been incredibly overwhelming which led to the questioning of effective communication in advertising. Hence, the main aim of this research was to address the rise of advertising clutter and the consequences of it. A more specific aim of the research was to investigate the denotation of appropriate visual metaphor and how it can be adopted to break through from the clutter line without hindered the consumers interpretation of the advertisement and the intended meaning. Research Questions The following three top key research questions, forming the pillars of the research paper have been identified in order to meet the aims of this research. The three research questions were: 1. What impact does advertising clutter has on advertising culture today? The objective of the first research questions was to obtain a valuable understanding of what causes the rise of advertising clutter and how it led to the decreases of advertising effectiveness, which could further address and substantiate the design issue with supported analysis. 2. What is the effect of complex visual metaphors in global advertising? The objective of the second research question was to gain insights into how complex metaphorical expression has hindered the intended advertising meaning. Valuable knowledge will be gain from the research on the appropriate solution to it. 3. What are the factors that influence consumer behaviour patterns? The objective of the third research question was to find out the various factors influencing the behaviour of a consumer when making a purchase. To have a better understanding on why consumers make the purchases that they make. Significance of the Study (Need to introduce the target audience here state also why have they been chosen and provide the relevance to the research topic. Also, elaborate on the impact this research paper would create on who and what. Is it the advertising industry and/or the society at large? Give an overview of the kind of insights this research paper would be able to offer to who would the insights benefit. Is it advertising designer, both students and professionals. Remember to show the link between the research topic and the your specialism) For this research, the primary and secondary target audience groups identified for this research were advertising professionals and student designers respectively. These two groups were chosen, as they will be the one who will direct the next advertising revolution and produce potential advertisement that are able to communicate effectively with the consumer. Furthermore, the overall research topic would be relevant to the advertising specialism where there is an in-depth study of decoding visual metaphors in advertising. This research would impact and create awareness to the advertising industry where it is very important that designers need to know the usage of complex metaphorical expression could possibly hindered the consumers interpretation of the intended advertising meaning. Hence, this would further outline to the advertising industry of the denotation of appropriate visual metaphor in advertisements for effective communication, where such use would communicate and convey the appropriate message to the consumer receiving it. The findings gathered from this research would offer an insight of the present advertisement clutter issue, who will then benefit both the advertising professionals and student designers of having the need to exercise caution on the usage of metaphorical expression that will lead to effective advertising communication. Research Methods (Follow the structure as shown in the example given) The following research methods will give an overview of what each method plans to do and find out. Primary research Focus group would be conducted, to gain insight of how consumers interpret an advertisement through having a dialogue that relates to advertising and visual metaphorical expression. This would give a specific direction on what type of visual metaphor is appropriate for their understanding. Questionnaires would also be conducted, to collect information and analyse how advertising today could influence the consumers buying behaviour. This would have a better insight of how to more effectively reach out to the consumer. Secondary research It involves an in-depth understanding of the issues surrounding my topic through literature review. The key areas will be focusing on consumer behaviour, visual metaphor in advertising and the rise of advertisement clutter. The research will be looking into successful case studies to support my hypothesis statement as well. Structure of the essay Chapter 1, Introduction, would give a very clear outline of the identified Design Issue with supported background, followed by the introduction of the Design Hypothesis with a very clear proposed solution on how the identified problem would be addressed. The Aims of the essay, Research Questions, Significance of the study, Research Methods would also be elaborated in this chapter to provide the reader with a clear understanding and the intention of this research paper. Chapter 2, Literature review, would investigate three identified key issues through readings gathered from credible resources. They were: The Rise of Advertising Clutter In Todays Advertising Context, An Analysis Of Indirect Advertising Claims As An Effective Communication and Understanding The New Connected Generation Today. These three key issues would provide a better understanding of the Design Issue, whilst supporting the Design Hypothesis statement through answering to the three overarching key issues and research questions. Chapter 3, Research process, would outline an in-depth of the research process, with a detailed analysis of the results that has been gathered from the focus group interview and questionnaires. This would aid in getting valuable information that would not have been able to done in literature review. Chapter 4, Research findings, would gathered all the findings analysis from Literature Review, Focus Group Interview and Questionnaires to substantiate the answers to the top key research questions, which would bring this research closer to its upcoming conclusion. Chapter 5, Conclusion, would state the challenges and difficulties encountered during the process of this research in an equitable way. Furthermore, it would provide a conclusion statement for this research topic and suggest with recommendations for possible future research. Chapter 6 and 7, References and Appendices, would give credit to what research sources were used to ensure credibility of the research essay. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Outline The literature review would be structured into three sections, consist of three main topics for the research. The three key issues were namely, The Rise of Advertising Clutter In Todays Advertising Context, An Analysis Of Indirect Advertising Claims As An Effective Communication and Understanding The New Connected Generation Today. There will be findings entailing on the rise of advertising clutter that has led to a decrease in effectiveness of advertising, and how metaphorical expression can be an approach to break through the clutter. The first section, The Rise of Advertising Clutter In Todays Advertising Context would address the increase of advertisement clutter and how the presence of it would decrease the effectiveness of advertising. It would cover with findings of how to break through the clutter line. The second section, An Analysis of Indirect Advertising Claims As An Effective Communication would discuss about how complex visual metaphorical could hindered the consumers interpretation of the advertisement but with the use of metaphorical expression that is deemed appropriate with supported theories, it could lead to an effective communication in advertising. The third section, Understanding The New Connected Generation Today would be to understand the new consumer generation today where there is always a change in the consumption pattern and behaviour. The last section would be the Gaps In Literature, it would identified the gaps that is unobtainable in the literature review. Hence, the gaps would need to be identified where the findings could then be obtained using primary research methods, namely Focus Groups and Questionnaires. The Rise of Advertising Clutter In Todays Advertising Context Todays advertising is truly surrounded with high level of advertisement clutter. Batra, Muers Aaker (2009) explain by taking the high profile magazines for example, they have almost one-half of their section contained with advertisements while the other half was then carried with genuine editorial contents. Hence, this could lead to the effectiveness of advertisement being greatly reduced. Competition between advertisers as a factor resulting in the advertising noise In the advertising industry, with competition among different brands of the same product, where one company offering quality products at reasonable price, other advertisers will follow suit coming out with better advertising schemes which leads to competition among one another (Mukesh Ranju, 2009). Hence, due to the proximity of competing brands from the same product. It has come to a certainty that advertisers have themselves to blame for the current presence of advertising noise. With regards to this, it firmly substantiate and justify the fact that advertisers are responsible of contributing to advertising noise due to the intense competition between one another and to offer better deals with the usage of advertisement exposure to grab the consumers attention. Take the newspapers for example; advertiser paying for advertisement space because they believe it is an effective way to reach out to the consumer without considering the possibility of other advertisers having the same thought as well (OReilly Tennant, 2009). This has been further magnified by competitive brands making very similar performance claims. As a result, it turns out to be rivalry, competing for the consumers attention. Such manifestation of advertisement competition between advertisers has contributed to the rise in advertising noise. Thus, the above mentioned is absolutely critical for designers to be aware of such emerging issue of advertisement clutter. Increasing ad clutter has led to a decrease in effectiveness of advertising. Thomas OGuinn, Chris Allen Richard J. Semenik (2008) mention that everyone abhors ad clutter and the rate it is generating, is getting out of hand. Its been a deep concern on how the rise of ad clutter actually diminishes the credibility of advertising where consumer is exposed to over thousands of advertisement exposure. Therefore, this could actually agitate the consumer where they can be expected to shut off totally from the advertisement they are exposed to, decreasing the effectiveness of advertising. The producing of more advertisement is similar to the logic of printing money. The more money you produced out there, the lesser value you are able to benefit (OReilly Tennant, 2009). This could deduce that consumers perceived clutter as one that would deteriorate the advertising effectiveness and has become an annoyance due to the widespread of large media explosion. Today, the advertisers faced tough struggle of reaching out to their intended consumers. For consumer to simply do away with advertisement clutter, many people seemed to fail to observe an unnoticed feature that has been with us for a long time, the mute button (OReilly Tennant, 2009). This added on to the alarming issue where consumer can now simply do away with clutter and escaping from infuriating commercials through the mute button, which indirectly led to advertisement avoidance and causing the effectiveness of advertising. Eventually, this resulted to a catastrophe for the advertising industry, where such advertisement avoiding technology feature would most likely decrease the effectiveness of advertisement as they get to tune out any advertisement. As such rate, television commercials may not be an ideal way to reach out to consumer in the future. Breaking through the competitive ad clutter. Its a battle royal to break through and find a place that is free from competitive noise and clutter. It has been asserted that alternative ways have been adopted to break through from such clutter and one of the alternatives is the usage of a good metaphor (Mc Quarries Barbara, 2008). The study of breaking through the clutter could be applied on the use of metaphorical expression but with supported marketing technique. The strategy is clearly outlined in (Mark Hughes, 2005). There is a need to look into the positioning and repositioning in order to break through from such competitive ad clutter. Clutter-Free is a media that dont compete with any other advertising. It is all about looking for opportunity to create a new platform for itself just like how billboards used to be a clutter-free medium and that it did not exists until Burma Shave make a break through to it (Mark Hughes, 2005). Hence, this could deduce that the means of exploring new revenue could result in taking total ad vantage of reaching to the consumer. Here is another example to further explain with, where familiar product such as Kleenex, Xerox Copiers and Campbell Soup didnt have to think of alternative to break through clutter because initially, there was none (Larson, 2010). This could substantiate the fact that being the first and exclusive among the alternatives in the similar product stands a higher chance to be recalled by the consumers. For advertising to be effective, it must break through clutter through the use of creative advertisement that could motivate the audience to pay attention and engage them in processing the advertisement (Terence A. Shimp, 2010). Therefore, with the intense advertising clutter, the usage of clutter free media strategy can be a media to explore into, in a bid to capture attention and break though the clutter line. An analysis of indirect advertising claims as an effective communication To have an advertisement that works, one good approach is through the use of a strong metaphor (Hewett, 2009). From the previous section above, which mentioned about clutter free as an effective media technique. Having said, it is insufficient to achieve effective advertising with just the media itself. The choice of media used and the advertisement approach is crucial. Thus, this can be supported with the indirect advertising claims approach, playing side by side for effective communication to the consumer. A visual metaphor uses an image of one thing to compare to something that belongs to another category, but hold the similar characteristics. Advertisers have begun to realise that through the use of visual metaphor, it could give consumer a fresh insight on the interpretation of an advertisement. Understanding the identification of target and source in visual metaphors. Metaphor involves no more than two domains namely target and source, where the requirement should be distinctive as in two phenomena in given context belong to different categories but are presented in a way that belongs to one thing (McQuarries Barbara, 2008). Deploying metaphor is an effective way to make positive claim communication to the consumer provided with an understanding on the essence of metaphor, through the identification of target and source. Smith, et al (2005) explain with an example of an for Canadian Furs that had superimposed the intended meaning of get wild over an image, which the metaphor target term will be the female model and the source will be her wearing a fur coat to portray the get wild over her image perception. Metaphors as a persuasive device should allows consumer to draw a conclusion that is well comprehended (Gozzi, 1999). Thus, the identification of target and source should be comprehensible when it comes to visual metaphors advertising. The understanding of the correct indication on the target and source in visual metaphor could be further elaborated through some of the findings (refer to Appendix). Therefore, with a better knowledge of the identification, advertising professional and student designers are able to produced advertisements that enable consumers to interpret the intended advertising meaning. The usage of indirect claims increases the persuasiveness of the message. Metaphorical expression has been an effective approach to make positive claims in the advertising sector. (McQuarries Barbara, 2008). The characteristic of visual metaphor-based advertisement is to enable consumer to think and imagine further which could simply influence consumer in the comprehending of things, which they have no knowledge of (Malamed, 2009), (Smith, 2005). Hence, visual metaphor could be used on situations that are difficult to convey for example emotions, which would help to make them explicit and tangible. One of those brands that have achieved iconic status is the Coca-Cola with the good use of visual metaphor where they look into emotional connections to work effectively with the consumer (Morgan Pritchard, 2003). Such approach can be enriching where it provide a positive connection between the advertisement images with the user, more on the emotional rather than the functional returns of it. Another brilliant example to support is the Volvo 850 commercial that was launched in the UK. It shows on how such approach can be a device to convey complicated characteristics. The car in the commercial is relate into a galloping horse that best represent the speed and handling, as though it is a living car with the relation of both the horse and rider representing the driving experience. (John Philip, 1999). The studies show that an idea where meanings are embedded could effectively persuade and remain in the consumers mind for a very long time. This is because it employed a rich mix of experience by relating the car to a horse that communicate the ideal driving experience. Complexity of indirect claims can be obstructive and misleading to the consumer. Indirect claims can be an advantage over direct claims. However, there is a downside of it as well. Tanaka (1994), Philip (1999) state that weak implicatures might resulted consumer jumping into a conclusion based on their individual personal knowledge and unable to interpret the intended meaning of a metaphor. If the metaphorical expression in advertisement cannot convey a strong implicature, then the overall persuasiveness may compromise due to its complexity. (P. M. Burns and L.Bibbings, 2010) says that if the visual account is not informative, metaphors might not necessary be always successful as consumer can get misinterpreted and misunderstood due to the difficulty of visualising the outcomes. Hence, this could imply the fact that metaphors can only be interpreted successfully with caution use on the choice of visuals that do not require complex processing effort from the consumer reading it. The above mentioned downside of visual metaphor advertisement could be further supported by one of the advertising flops in the recent years. The Intel Company found itself over a controversy on a print advertisement, showing a white man surrounded by six black sprinters. The intention of the advertising message is to place emphasis on the performance of Intels Cor 2 Duo Processors to boost productivity and efficiency by running multiple computing-intensive applications at once through the visual metaphor of sprinters down in set positions ready to take off. However, many viewers got misinterpreted and saw it as a group of dark-skinned men bowing down in subservience to a smug, light-skinned overseer. It created such a controversy that Intel had to pulled this controversial ad and make an apology with Unfortunately, our execution did not deliver our intended message and in fact proved to be insensitive and insulting This could show the risk of consumers not interpreting a metaphor in the manner that was intended. The processing may be too demanding that it gets misinterpreted and may result in an undesirable message like what has shown above. Understanding the new connected generation today How are consumers changing today? The diversity of todays technology had given consumers an exceptional capability to decide what they want to view and not to view (Jaffe, 2005). This could substantiate how much consumer has been changing for the better and unquestionably a change in the consumer demand due to the technology given today. Thus, with the ever-growing change, there is a need to understand the mind of the consumer today as it is no longer an advertiser telling consumers what brand they should purchase but more to consumer deciding which brand to choose. Advancement in digital technology that results in the change in consumption patterns in consumer today Jones, Higgs, J.Ekerdt (2009) state that the manifestation of new technologies had opened up new windows for the consumption and leisure where it created sweeping changes to the way we communicate, work, travel and our living conditions. It has been evident that our society is undergoing a digital revolution where consumption practices have been continually changing in the consumer markets. The forms of consumption had changed the focus from purchasing product to buying experiences (Danziger, ). This could alludes to the buying experiences has became important markers in the consumption today. It is no longer a focus on how to get consumer to purchase the product but a shift to the consumer behavior on how to engage them with the overall buying experiences. The above mentioned could be further supported by the case study of Viking Range Corporation where it offers commercial ranges in residential home. Due to the rapid change in consumption patterns, it now offers more than the purchasing of product where Viking launched its cooking school and tackle on the direction of consumers passion for cooking and their experience with the Viking product. (refer to Appendix ). The marketers must think beyond the point of selling a product, to how the product could provide and lift up the consumers experience through other alternatives. (Danziger, ) This is a good study of how advertisers could adapt to the change in consumption patterns. Hence, Advertising Professionals and Designer should think beyond the quality and advantage of the product they are featuring, looking into the aspects of how experience can be integrated into part of the advertisement. Addressing consumers short attention for effective advertising communication The consumers short attention span was something, which the advertising industry has been looking into. The conversation with an advertising executive claimed that in advertising today, it needs to take less than a second to grab the attention of the consumer with an image, compared to the eight seconds they used to have two decades ago (Peterson, 2003). This could indicate getting an image to the consumers attention had become shorter than before due to the immense exposure of all the media that had been available in the present day. Hence, it is very important to choose the one thing to be conveyed due to the time limitation. In particular of the television commercial field, there is no doubt that there was a shift in the commercial trend in order to address the short attention span issue as well. In the early days, all the commercials were 60 seconds long before the 30-second spots were introduced which then brought about the availability of 15-second and 10-second spots as well (White, 2003). Hence, the shrinking attention span of the consumers introduces the shortening of commercial length. Commercials that are shorter than 30-seconds are embedded with surprise value way before commercial-haters can do something about it, while those that last longer than 30 seconds are more towards story-telling in a bid to appeal to the consumer (Elliott, 2005). For other media, it includes the introducing of sensory advertising such as scent strips, 3-D glasses and fancy pop-up advertisement in magazine which have a higher possibility to get the consumers attention with the vary visual aspects (Laplace, 2002). Thus, this could show how the industry tried their means and ways to get the message across to the consumer in order to address short attention span for an effective advertising communication. Consumers response to advertising appeal and tone What type of advertising appeal work best in getting the attention of the consumer? Engaged in consumers emotions is a powerful tool in advertising where it allows no cogent reason for them to purchase product that they do not need. (Danziger ). This could substantiate that emotions play an important role in getting the consumers response from buying more things thro

Anxiety Culture

Theme Society must give up the belief of hard work that we acquired from the Puritan era to live a true, happy, and fulfilling life. Attitude concern, informational, reflective (Tone) A Audience The working class R Rhetorical Rhetorical question- â€Å"How can you despise ease and laziness then Strategy not feel guilty when you take a rest? † (Anxiety Culture: The puritan Work Ethic)Commentary In the magazine article, â€Å"Anxiety Culture: The Puritan Work Ethic. † by Brian Dean, he uses the rhetorical question â€Å"How can you despise ease and laziness then not feel guilty when you take a rest? ‘ to allow the readers to answer the question in their mind and get them thinking about the topic. The reader gets the point of the article clearly by answering the question in their heads without the author having to state it directly.Brian Dean leads the reader, with this rhetorical question, to realize that we all have something inside of us that keeps us from slowin g down and relaxing. Then, Dean goes on to explain why we do have these beliefs and what is programmed inside of us to believe it is right. I tried the challenge given by the author and failed very quickly! I only could do it for approximately 1 hour and 48 minutes. When I was Just laying there doing nothing, I felt this flood of remorse, and I could not stop thinking about all the things I should e doing instead of this.It was also really hard for my mom, because I help her around the house and by each minute she became increasingly annoyed. I agree with the article that we are programmed not to relax, and to constantly be occupying ourselves with work. It was one of the hardest things to do. STARS By Triennial Puritan Work Ethic) Commentary In the magazine article, â€Å"Anxiety Culture: The Puritan Work Ethic,† by then not feel guilty when you take a rest? † to allow the readers to answer the

Necessity of Nursing

The Necessity of Nursing Assistants to Improve the Quality of Patient Care Introduction The quality of care received by patients is of fundamental importance to healthcare organizations. A well-documented happening that has Impacted health care settings across the world Is the nursing shortage (Tasks. 2003). Due to the current nursing shortage, it is often difficult for nurses to provide all the care patients need. According to Quality (2005), by reason of this shortage of Registered Nurse (RAN) staff, there are many less-complex tasks that Urns can delegate to Nursing Assistants (NAs).This allows Urns to concentrate on more complex nursing tasks. Improving the patients' overall quality of care. Nursing Assistants fulfill an important role in today's health care industry. Problem Analysis The Nurse Executive of a 125-bed health care facility believes that the facility needs more NAs to improve patient care. This belief was brought on by Physical Therapists noting that many patients a re not ambulating or sitting up as often as they should. Nursing Assistants are fundamental to the daily routine in all healthcare facilities, and therefore an Increase in their numbers would lad In solving this dilemma Quality, 2005).According to the American Nurses Association, delegation of tasks must be based on the state's nurse practice act, as well as the individual skills of the person that the task is being delegated. The current situation of needing additional caregivers to lad In patients ambulating and sitting up would be an optimal opportunity to employ NAs to assist with this less complex task (Quality, 2005). Additionally, because Medicare and Medicaid payments are declining, employing NAs to assist patients is a cost-effective way to provide quality care.There is a significant cost savings in employing NAs, rather than hiring additional Urns, or Physical Therapists. The average Nurse Assistant salary ranges from $21 ,620 to $24,260, while Urns and Physical Therapists salary ranges from $49,600 to $59,521 (Quality, 2005). Higher acuity and rehabilitative needs of patients, along with increased life expectancy and the amount of people older that 65, establishes an obvious demand for NAs. This demand will only Increase as the baby boomers reach the age of 65 (Pennington, Congo. ; Magical, 2007).According to Whittle, Robinson, Henderson, ; Anderson (2005), elders are prone to experience an overall national decline in activities of daily living. The current problem being a need for additional staff to assist with patients requiring ambulation and sitting up must be addressed. Inability to provide quality care results in increased length of stay. As well as increased discharges to nursing homes (Whittle, et al. , 2005) When adequately trained, educated, and appropriately supervised, lower paid, non-professional staff tofu can greatly relieve the burden on Physical Therapists and Urns.This allows Urns and Physical Therapists to adequately provide pati ent care requiring their professional bevel of skill and education (Tasks, 2003). As a consequence of this current situation an efficient and effective plan must be brought into action. Strategies A possible strategy to immediately manage this current patient care situation on an interim basis until a permanent plan can be implemented would be to redistribute the workload of the NAs currently working. Currently the average AN spends most of their time changing linens and bathing.Giving approximately eight to ten baths and changing linens each day leaves little time for assisting patient with activities of daily living, specifically sitting up and ambulating. This writer suggests giving patients a bath and changing linens every other day, unless soiled. Partial baths are to be given on the off days. All patients will receive daily face, hand, and perinea care; male patients will be shaved daily (Whittle, et al. , 2005). The hospital patient advocate can develop a patient information flyer to be provided to all patients describing the new practices and purpose for them.The NAs would assist patients with sitting three times daily, preferable at meal times. Not only does this simulate a routine, it facilitates the digestive process and decreases the risk of aspiration. Additionally, NAs will ambulate patients according to the recommendations of the Physical Therapist and document the distance of ambulation; working with patients daily to increase this distance over the course of their hospital stay. Whittle et al. (2005), performed research on elders similar to the suggestion of the writer.Their research found that the presence of having NAs available to assist with sitting up and ambulating patients would be highly supported by Physical Therapists and Urns. Additionally, they received no complaints from patients about the decreased frequency of bathing. Possible positive patient outcomes are decreased length of stay and fewer discharges to nursing homes. Moreover , their research revealed that AN turnover decreased from 175% in 2000 to in 2004 (Whittle, et al. , 2005).A potential strategy of increasing the amount of NAs on a long-term scale is to implement measures to develop the skills of the non-professional staff. Investing the time and cost to educate and develop the internal resources of the facility will increase the capabilities of the AN. Additionally, employees are likely to experience higher levels of Job satisfaction. Healthcare organizations often have untapped sources of non-professional employees that would appreciate the opportunity to invest in their personal growth and education by enrolling in a facility provided training program.Increasing the level of NAs staffed and providing the quality of care all patients deserve will improve the overall morale of the facility. Further, patients will have a perception of increased quality of their hospital experience (Tasks, 2003). Budget Proposal Increasing the AN staffing is necessa ry for this facility. By increasing AN staff rather than Urns or Physical Therapists, it offers a dramatic savings to the facility. The alarm of a AN ranges from $21,620 to $24,260. The salary of Urns and Physical Therapists ranges from $49,600 to $59,521. This offers the facility a savings of $27,980 to $35,261.Basically this facility could hire two, possible three, NAs for the amount of one RAN, or Physical Therapists (Pennington, Congo, ; Magical, 2007). Due to the decrease of Medicare and Medicaid payments and allotted days of OSP tall stay; employing NAs could assist in more efficient recovery to patients Shortening the length of patient stays will decrease the usage of resources, therefore offering additional cost savings (Whittle, et al. 2005). For example, if a Medicare patient stays longer than the allotted time of the DRAG code, the facility is responsible for those costs (H.Mills, personal communication, November 10, 2008). For this reason, it is important to ensure that patients are discharged within their recommended hospital stay allowance, while still providing optimal care. Implementation of a facility training program would require a great amount of planning and effort. The hospital education department could use their resources to train the staff interested in assisting with the program. Additionally, once the AN students received this training they could be mentored by skilled and educated NAs during a four week proprietorship.Allowing nurse assistant students to train offers additional help to the patients as well as cost savings to the facility. If the starting salary of a AN is $21 ,620, over the course of a four week proprietorship, one student, training 20 hours each week, offers the facility cost savings of approximately $831. 54. By using the resources already within the facility, there is no additional cost. The only cost to the facility would be that of books for the students and supplies for the training. The cost of 15 Nursing Ass istant books at $41. 95 would be $629. 25 (M.Richards, personal communication, November 5, 2008). These books could be signed out to the students and returned at the end of their class. The average cost of supplies used for training is $125. 00 (P. Step, personal communication, November 5, 2008). This cost could be a fee required for students to pay to be in the training program. Other than the cost of books this training program would not cost the facility an extreme amount of money and would greatly benefit the overall care received by patients, which should be the focus of all health care organizations.

The Georgia Straight, By Adrian Mack And Miranda Nelson s...

The choices of words, research, and exceptional organization in an essay will amaze an audience, while a poorly written one will make a very strong argument ineffective. This failure of possessing a robust argument and being unable to effectively deliver it is expressed through Adrian Mack and Miranda Nelson’s â€Å"Vancouver Hockey Riot Is a Symptom of a Larger Problem†. The authors view the riot of June 15th, 2011 in a much broader perspective and intend to use the event as a means to attack the government. Published in the youth-oriented magazine, The Georgia Straight, the essay focuses to appeal to the youth of Vancouver and does this adequately through its aggressive tone. However, due to the lack of crucial evidence to support their claims and along with the hypocrisy within the piece, the effectiveness of the essay to express the argument is poor. Mack and Nelson begin their essay by taking a look at the â€Å"borderline psychotic† society of Vancouver (Mack and Nelson 209). The essay discusses the alienated community the city has become along with the foolishness of the youth. This information soon becomes misleading as the blame from the riot is dismissed from the city and is placed elsewhere. The outlook of the frenzy is taken from a much more expansive approach and this is evident in the statement: â€Å"It’s a problem that, as always, starts from the very top† (210). Mack and Nelson note that rather than the rioter’s being the problem, the economy and politicians are at fault

Investigation Into Data And Variable Construction Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1057 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The corporate dividend policy is the one of the very important issue of advance corporate finance. John Linter (1956) developed the dividend model which becomes very famous and known as Linter Partial Adjustment Model. According to the Linter each firms i has target dividend payout ratio (ri). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investigation Into Data And Variable Construction Finance Essay" essay for you Create order By using the target payout ratio linter calculated the target dividend at time (Dit*) as percentage of net earnings of the firms i at the time t (Eit), i.e Dit*= ri. Eit. In this study we used dividend payout ratio as dependent variable. It is calculated by percentage of net earnings of the firms paid at the end of period. The set of determinants of dividend payout ratio consist of following variables. CFO (cash flow), Sales, EBIT (earning) and Debt to Equity Ratio (leverage). Dependent Variable= Independent Variables Dividend payout ratio= CFO (cash flow) + Sales, + EBIT (earning) + Debt to Equity Ratio (leverage). Independent Variable: Four explanatory variables are used in this study, to find out their impact on the dependent variable as dividend payout. Operating Cash Flow: The liquidity or cash flows position is also an important determinant of dividend payouts. A poor liquidity position means less generous dividends due to shortage of cash. Alli et.al (1993) reveal that dividend payments depend more on cash flows, which reflect the companys ability to pay dividends, than on current earnings, which are less heavily influenced by accounting practices. They claim current earnings do no really reflect the firms ability to pay dividends. The market liquidity is defined as annual value of stock traded divided by the stock market capitalization. Market liquidity is one of very important factor that can affect the decision or behavior of the dividend policy. According to the Belanes et. al (2007) there is a negative relationship between the market liquidity and dividend yield in Tunisian Stock exchange (TSE). OCF= EBIT +Depreciation-Taxes H1: There is positive impact of CFO on dividend payout ratio. Debt to Equity Ratio (leverage): The leverage has been used as proxy of Debt to equity ratio and control variable in this study. Because leverage is very important variable for the determinants of dividend behavior if the level of the leverage is high its mean the firm is more risky in the cash flows. The effect of negative leverage on dividends payments is already documented. According to the Higgins (1972) and McCabe (1979) suggested that long term debt had negative impact on the amount of dividend paid. Rozeff (1982) found that the firms with higher leverage paid lower dividends in order to evade the cost of raising external capital of the firm. When reorganization results in a debt-equity swap, the firm becomes an all-equity firm. Since there are no tax benefits or the possibility of bankruptcy in the future, the total value of the firm is exactly the asset value. Debt to Equity ratio =Total debt / Total equity H2: There is negative impact of Debt to Equity on dividend payout ratio. Sales/Revenue: According to the signaling theory the high growth firms are smoother to pay their dividends to shareholders. Growth is the signals to the Shareholders the firms having high growth opportunities. The sales growth has been used as proxy of Growth in the empirical analysis of the study. The sales growth has been use as percent age change in sales annually as proxy of the growth. Sale is calculated by multiplying the price at which goods or services are sold by the number of units or amount sold. In this study sales calculated by total sales that is included local sales and export. H3: There is positive impact of Annual Revenue on dividend payout ratio. EBIT (Earnings before interest and taxes): Profits have long been regarded as the primary indicator of the firms capacity to pay dividends. Linter (1956) conducted a classic study on how U.S. managers make dividend decisions. He developed a compact mathematical model based on survey of 28 well established industrial U.S. firms which is considered to be a finance classic. According to him the dividend payment pattern of a firm is influenced by the current year earnings and previous year dividends. Baker, Farrelly and Edelman (1986) surveyed 318 New York stock exchange firms and concluded that the major determinants of dividend payments are anticipated level of future earnings and pattern of past dividends. Pruitt and Gitman (1991) asked financial managers of the 1000 largest U.S. and reported that, current and past year profits are important factors influencing dividend payments. Firms profitability is argued to be an important factor in determining dividend policy. It can be argued that profitable firms are more able to dis tribute dividends, and hence a positive relationship is expected between firms profitability and its dividend payments. This result is also supported by the signaling theory of dividend policy. In other words, profitable firms pay dividends to convey their good financial performance (Bhattacharya, 1979; Chang and Rhee, 1990; Ho, 2003; Aivazian et al., 2003).This earning is calculated by operating profit at the end of year. A measure of a companys ability to produced income from its operations in a given year. It is calculated as the companys revenue less its expenses (such as overhead) but not subtracting its tax liability or interest paid on debt. H4: There is positive impact of EBIT on dividend payout ratio Data and Sample Size: Sample size is consisting of twelve sugar companies listed in KSE (Karachi Stock Exchange) and period from 2001 to 2008. There are two types of sources available for data collection concerning research purpose i.e. primary and secondary data. The data in this research is secondary data which we sourced from published annual reports of the sugar companies from internet and also from Karachi Stock Exchange in Pakistan and State Bank of Pakistan. Research and Testing Instrument: The instruments used for collecting data for this research consisted of financial report (secondary data) of firms and SPSS as testing tool. During the analysis of data in SPSS, researcher has used technique of Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model, because the instrument has scale types of date. Therefore, MLR model is the best tool to evaluate this kind of data. The statistical tool that is used to analyze the association between a dependent variable and four independent variables. Multiple Linear Regression estimates the coefficients of the linear equation, involving one or more independent variables that best predict the value of the dependent variable.

The Components Of Starbucks Organizational Culture

Recommend the key components of Starbucks Organizational Culture that add to its accomplishment in a worldwide economy. Demonstrate administration s part with making and managing the authoritative society. Hierarchical society has a huge effect on the general execution of an organization. Authoritative society is the arrangement of imparted, underestimated verifiable presumptions that a gathering holds and that decides how it sees, contemplates, and responds to its different surroundings (Barney, 1986). In this paper, I will inspect the components of Starbucks hierarchical society that added to its accomplishment in a worldwide economy, survey the adequacy of its administration choices in giving imaginative offerings to its clients, focus one key administration competency, and theorize on whether the organization would accomplish long haul supportability as a worldwide pioneer in the espresso business without the association s CEO, Howard Shultz. On account of the accomplishment of Starbucks, its hierarchical society has been driven and engaged by the originator and CEO, Howard Schultz. Howard needed to grow the organization and when he went to Italy before the redesign of the first Starbucks he needed to reflect the ideas of the cafà ©s in Italy. The key viewpoint to acknowledge here is that hierarchical society influences execution. Howard Schultz turned into the CEO of Starbucks in 1987. As a business person, he was powerful in persuading financial specialistsShow MoreRelatedEssay about Mgt 5001528 Words   |  7 PagesStarbucks’ Strategy Assignment 1 By: Allen Jones Luna 28 October 2013 MGT 500: Modern Management Professor: Dr. Tony Muscia Suggest the key elements of Starbucks’ Organizational Culture that contribute to its success in a global economy. Indicate management’s role with creating and sustaining the organizational culture. Organizational culture has a significant impact on the overall performance of a company. 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Corporate Governance Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance New Tech Ltd. Answer: Jack should know that the corporate governance produces the following for New Tech Ltd.A good governing body gives clarity to the company's objectives and ensures transparency in management. When new boards of directors are elected, the formation of corporate governance bodies is of greater importance. They will be responsible for the results of the companies throughout the year. To form an effective board of directors, Jack must know that it must have highly competent directors (Carver and Carver, 2009). It means that companies require directors with celebrity status in the business world to add value to management. Rather, the fundamental criterion on which to base the selection of directors is their actual ability to make strategic contributions to business management (Feld and Ramsinghani, 2014). Executives who have enriching experiences such as having developed successful businesses or saved bankruptcy from a company represent a good approximation to this selection criterion. The Board of Directors allows in a Family Business, to separate the daily activities of the authentic management of the company, thus facilitating the discussion and analysis of the key issues in an independent and different table, and breaking with inertia, family commitments, etc. These effects can be noticeably better in the case that they participate in the Council, professional managers-consultants independent and outside the company (Hilb, n.d.). Below we explain to you what is the structure of the Board of Directors of a company considering that in general terms the Boards of Directors have a President, several Directors and a Secretary. The starting point is to visualize where the company will be in the next five or ten years. This context allows us to determine the critical experiences and the training that a director must have to guide the administration towards success. Therefore, the board members should have experience in the relevant technology. For example, if the strategic plan is to expand the business internationally, with mergers and acquisitions, the board should include experienced directors (Hirschey, John and Makhija, 2004).The board of directors must be constituted taking into account the diversity of the challenges that the company must assume and the directors must be selected in a way consistent with this purpose. It should not be forgotten that in practice, a board is a team. It is not unusual to observe in a team, clashes of personalities, conflicts, members who do not pay attention and members who make decisions on issues they do not know or do not understand. A board of 5 members is a good number to begin with, this is because with a lean board, it is easier to make decisions (Hirschey, John and Makhija, 2004). The chairman o the board is an integral part of the company. The president role is to establish the agenda of meetings, define roles, facilitate processes and discussions, help resolve conflicts and, above all, set the standards of behavior of directors through the policies set (Jalilvand and Malliaris, 2013).There are also certain dynamics that prevent work. For example, it is possible that issues of importance will be discussed in smaller groups outside the formal meetings without informing the other directors of the facts or the decisions taken. So it is important to hold formal meetings. Likewise, there may be issues that are not on the table, because they generate discomfort in some directors or in administration, as could be the consequences of bad decisions of the past. In other cases it happens that there is no process that ensures the adequate participation of all the directors, allowing behaviors of passivity or dominance (Lechem, 2003). Similarly, there are teeth less joints, which prefer not to question management to avoid conflicts. At these meetings discussion is not encouraged and dissent is not welcome. All of these experiences show that the principles guiding the development of high-performance teams also apply to boards. Thus as the chairman to the board, Jack must allow all views to be heard including the dissenting views from members of the board. The Board of Directors has been closely related to large corporations, but it is not the exclusive property of the same. The creation of a council may even be of greater value in small and medium-sized enterprises like New Tech ltd (most of which make up our business reality) as these are simpler and more flexible organizational structures that would facilitate the Advice. he Board of Directors has been closely related to large corporations, but it is not the exclusive property of the same (Karas, 2005). The creation of a council may even be of greater value in small and medium-sized enterprises (most of which make up our business reality) as these are simpler and more flexible organizational structures that would facilitate the Advice. Although each of the companies has its specific characteristics (size, type of business, location, etc.), in general terms the main functions and responsibilities of the chairman in relation to the board are as follows: Instructions: 1.Approval of the general strategies. Impulse of the Strategic Plan of the company. 2.The Chairman of a company must control the execution and achievement of the objectives of the strategic plan. 3Establishment and control of budgetary management of the company. 4 Overseeing the Creation of the right mechanisms to obtain truthful and quality management information regarding the company. 5 Giving direction on Decision making in the case of major investments or disposal of assets. The Chairman assisted by the Board of Directors may supervise operations of any type (sales, mergers, joint ventures, etc.). Control and supervision of senior management of the company. Approval of strategic alliances. Establishment of remuneration policy for senior managers. 10Establishment of the communication and information policy for the shareholder. It is clear that in order to form an effective board of directors, attention must be paid both to the selection criteria of its directors and to the team dynamics that must take place between them.The selection criteria for directors must be aligned with the needs and challenges of the long-term strategic business plan, while at the board level an atmosphere characterized by trust, teamwork and Ability to manage conflicts well (Steger and Amann, 2008). Investment house will impact the company in the following ways: When investment house buys some shares, they will be entitled to a few slots in the board, thus, they will influence major decisions of the board and the direction that New Tech takes.Corporate Governance Concept The agency problem in financial institutions: Members of the Board and Senior Management, May tend to impose their own agenda The problem of agency in the financial sector transcends the interests of the shareholder. The management of New Tech Ltd has effects on depositors or other clients, on the economy and on the fiscal condition of the State There is a large information gap between the participants. Some shareholders are not experts, nor are clients, and oversight may have a lag or ignore aspects of an entity's real performance. Concept of Corporate Governance Several definitions have been adopted, with different approaches: "It is the system (set of rules and internal organs) through which the management of a legal person is directed and controlled, either individually or within A conglomerate. Corporate governance provides a framework that defines rights and responsibilities, within which the governing bodies of an entity, including the highest management body, board or board of directors, legal representatives and other Fiscal auditor and the corresponding control bodies. Risk management Risk management is a strategic pillar of the Organization, whose main objective is to preserve the financial and equity strength of the Group, promoting the creation of value and business development in accordance with the levels of appetite and risk tolerance determined by the Bodies of government (Risk Management and Corporate Governance, 2014). At the same time, it facilitates the tools that allow the valuation, control and follow up of the requested and authorized risk, the management of delinquency and the recovery of the unpaid risks. The board should ensure that there is a good process for establishing the company's strategy, approving it, and monitoring that it is effective in management decisions. It is important for board members to be aware of the organization's objectives so that they can monitor that the management of the company is taking steps to achieve its objectives. Corporate values The governing body must monitor that there is a real understanding of The values of the organization. The lack of credibility is a product of the lack of conviction in the values of the organization. The board must give the signals of what is right and what is wrong, ethics, transparency and order. The members of the boards must be persons who stand out for their honor and be respected for their character in the face of not tolerating bad practices (Risk Management and Corporate Governance, 2014). Ensure control Ensure that the entity has an appropriate internal control system, that the organization is well conducted and o riented, That there is efficiency, productivity and fulfillment of objectives through order. The management body must also ensure that this is met. Be aware of the risk management and that there are adequate monitoring instruments to ensure the operation of the company. A common cause of corporate governance inefficiencies is the failure of internal mechanisms, such as shareholders 'meetings, depositors' assemblies, and boards of directors. In some cases, shareholders' meetings, because in the absence of a generalized culture of investment in risky assets (shares), are an ineffective instrument so that shareholders can control opportunistic behavior of managers (Steger and Amann, 2008). Well by the requirement of a minimum number of shares owned or represented to attend the Boards, with the subsequent delegation of voting of the minority shareholders in the banks where they deposited their shares; Or by syndicating the vote of significant packages of shares, with objectives almost never coincident with those of minority shareholders; Or even because the statutes of companies and banks violated the relationship between the capital possessed and the voting rights to exercise. Shareholders Announcement to shareholders is very crucial. It is necessary to notify the shareholders of the companys intent to reorganize the board of directors and the CEO intention to be a Chairman of the board to promote transparency as stipulated by the Company Act.Corporate governance is the essence of the free enterprise system, because it guarantees investors the fulfillment of the goal of value creation and the sustainability of companies by the management teams (Merna and Al-Thani, 2008). But also because the transparency and accountability of these executives must illustrate the decisions of all the interest groups of the companies and allow to evaluate the social responsibility of any business project in the face of taxation, economic growth and employment. And hence the need to also resort to corporate governance mechanisms external to entities, such as the correct and efficient functioning of capital markets, labor markets and products and services, and public regulation and supervi sion. The need for a governing body stems from the complexity of business, the ownership structure, and the financing of organizations.A modern board is responsible for the long-term vision and strategy of the company, to identify the environment where it moves and to move and to analyze possible businesses; To evaluate the management, to plan the succession of senior executives and to generate value (Merna and Al-Thani, 2008). The good meetings require time, competent people and with permanent capacity to learn and innovate to generate competitive advantages, product of the quality of the decisions. Corporate Governance and Financial System Several definitions have been adopted, with different approaches: "It is the process of policy definition, administration and control carried out by different organs belonging to the company (shareholders, directors, management) for the purpose of conducting it Get an end. This process should mitigate the various agency problems that exist between those involved and provide sufficient information to the different stakeholders. Way as the board of directors and senior management head the activities and businesses of the company. Especially in sectors such as technological, where supervisory authorities should exercise a more active role on the entities, verifying their positions of risk. To safeguard the interests of shareholders. One, the improvement of corporate governance with precise rules that demand greater levels of responsibility and transparency in the internal mechanisms of government and mitigate opportunistic behavior of managers. Another, greater regulatory capacity and better supervision of compliance with the recommendations of the Codes of Good Governance. References Carver, J. and Carver, M. (2009).The Policy Governance Model and the Role of the Board Member. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Feld, B. and Ramsinghani, M. (2014).Startup boards. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Hilb, M. (n.d.).New corporate governance. Hirschey, M., John, K. and Makhija, A. (2004).Corporate governance. Oxford [etc.]: Elsevier JAI. Jalilvand, A. and Malliaris, T. (2013).Risk Management and Corporate Governance. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Karas, G. (2005).On earth. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. Lechem, B. (2003).Chairman of the Board. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Mallin, C. (n.d.).Corporate governance. Merna, T. and Al-Thani, F. (2008).Corporate risk management. Chichester, England: Wiley. Risk Management and Corporate Governance. (2014). Paris: OECD Publishing. Steger, U. and Amann, W. (2008).Corporate governance. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons. Corporate Governance Samples for Students – MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance Recommendations. Answer: Introduction Organization is operated and owned by two different persons. With the increasing complexity of business and strict legal compliance, each and organization has to appoint non-executive director as per the corporation act 2001. It is evaluated that non-executive directors is considered as independent director who has no pecuniary relation with company. He is deemed to be trustee for the shareholders and has to act in the best interest of shareholders. It is observed that as per the corporation act 2001 it is required by listed company to maintain 1/3 non-executive independent director who will analyze the business functioning of organization (Christensen et al. 2015). Requirement for appointment of Non- executive directors Non-executive director has no pecuniary relation with company and has not been employed in the same company or affiliated company since last three years. There are other several terms and conditions which are given under the Listing agreements and corporation act which should be followed by company to appoint non-executive director. The person who gets appointed in the company should not have any relationship with company either in terms of employees, or any other strategic alliance. Conclusion It could be inferred that appointment of non-executive director has made mandatory in listed companies with a view to increase the transparency of business functioning. Non- Executive director is appointed in company to curb the unethical business practice and legal compliance in determined approach. However, in board meeting resolution get passed only when the entire non-executive director give their consent (Pugliese, Nicholson Bezemer, 2015). References Christensen, J., Kent, P., Routledge, J. and Stewart, J., 2015. Do corporate governance recommendations improve the performance and accountability of small listed companies?.Accounting Finance,55(1), pp.133-164. Pugliese, A., Nicholson, G.,and Bezemer, P. J. 2015. An observational analysis of the impact of board dynamics and directors' participation on perceived board effectiveness.British Journal of Management,26(1), 1-25.